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1) Each age is approximately 4000 years long, with the exceptions being the 2nd and 4th ages spanning 2000, and the 5th stopping short of 170. The Sixth is currently 4 years going into 5.
2) Our calendar overlaps closely with the ingame calendar, with the months being spaced differently. Wintumber, Raktuber, and Ire of Phyry are my favorites.
3) Tzhaar, Elves, Humans, Demons, Mahjarrat, Centaurs.
4) (If we're counting Edgeville as a Zarosian fort, then Edgeville,) Avarrocka, Falador, Lumbridge, Gunnarsgrunn, Edgeville.
5) I'll take a pass, I only remember the Fitzharmons.
6) The Dreaded Years of Tragedy play into the history of Ardougne and its outpost, which culminated into a battle that ended with only two survivors. One of these becoming the first king.
7) The rivers Lum, Elid, Salve, Dougne. Can't think of any other rivers with names, does the Noumenon count?
8) The werewolves host a festival to Zamorak that we've never gotten much information on, much to Chaos Lupus' chagrin. Of course, who can forget Healthorg the Great Day? I'm amazing, after all. As well, technically speaking, the celebration for Guthix is a holiday unique to Gielinor.

(Even more technically, the celebration of fire is unique enough given the circumstances - the Fallen Nihil's arrival and the Queen of Ashes' interest.)

9) The Book of Light is a text praising Saradomin. The Ancient Hymnal is full of prayers/curses based on Zarosian religion. (I'm not sure if this does/does not count, given the prayer books are similar, if lacking in power.) Grasping for straws, there's also the one Saradominist prayer book that cures your poison once used.
10) Knowing some of the citizens, probably flat. But no source, so no points.

11) The Sanguinesti affliction in the region of Sanguinesti. The Zogre disease of Jiggig, and the plague placed on Sophanem by Amascut, though it was more of a curse. There's also the thing that causes Sea Orphans in the Eastern Lands, but besides that and the (fake) Plague in West Ardougne, you've got me.
12) The preparation for the afterlife is simply a mirror of the Egyptian preparation of a mummy, wherein one's organs are separated into urns and the mummified corpse is furnished with all they need when they get to the afterlife.
13) As Necrovarus puts it, the prayers are in the bones. The dead grant boons to those who give the dead a proper burial, or curses against those who would wish harm against the person who had buried the deceased in question.
14) The Teleportation beam in the Wizard's Tower acts as the focal point for a wide teleportation network, without which teleportation is not possible, and anchoring new points for spells takes years of work. The ritual that created the beam bounces a person to another dimension (the Abyss) and quickly shoots them back to another point in Gielinor that serves as the external end of the teleport.
15) A, B, C, ...D?
16) The Primordial Realm is the location of the primordial clay that makes up the majority of creation, shaped by the Elder Gods. The Void's purpose/origin is questionable, we do not have firm information on it. One can argue it is a metaphysical space that serves as the blank canvas for creation, but it can also be argued that it is simply an absence of everything and that it is unnaturally created. Certain malevolent forces are related to the Void and its use as a hole between completely separate worlds has been noted. (See: Spirit Beast and Void pests.) The Abyss, however, is regarded as the trash heap of the Elder Gods; when the perfect world is devoured during the Great Revision, and the universe is reset, the debris is swept into the Abyss.

17) Poison Waste (as a byproduct), Brassica Prime, Spirit Trees, constructs like Telos and Vorago. (In my opinion, Sliske's depowering of the gods in Endgame.)
18) The Staff of Armadyl passed through a line of people starting with an explorer who recovered it from ruins, until he was beset by a thief, who claimed it and sold it to Zamorak through a final third person. All three were cursed to wander the shadows for an unknown reason. (Though we were led to believe it was Zaros, that's been cast into doubt recently.)
19) The Fremennik gave the Frostenhorn its name, they believed that it held power over frost, but this is not the case.
20) Benkei's a purist. I don't think he was looking for the Horn, but I'm not familiar with Ports.
21) I honestly don't remember. You tell me, it interests me.
22) One was an explorer and the other was a dying knight. The dying knight, obviously, died of his wounds, while the explorer lived on. I can be bad with names, as you see.
23) Another interesting one that I don't know.
24) The First Wizards' Tower created guardians to automatize chores and administration. An apprentice at the Mage Training Arena rediscovered the art of creating them with our help.
25) The Schism is a wormhole or portal that is used as an energy source on Teragard. Going into the Schism ends you up in Gielinor. (Why this is we do not yet know.)
26) The three tribes on Freneskae were embroiled in eternal civil war, so to speak. They each fought to survive, but were cut down by one, or more, of the other tribes. The Mahserrat were erradicated by the Chelon-Mah and Mahjarrat for their relative weakness, and the Chelon-Mah believed in strongest of the fittest, leading to the existence of only one Chelon-Mah, who perished. The Mahkorrat were exterminated by the Mahjarrat.
27) Palkeera after giving birth to Khazard (alone, presumably), Lamistard via sacrifice, Ralvash via sacrifice, Temekel via execution.

28) Sliske and Trindine served as Praetorians, Nabor was a Pontifex, while Azzanadra was Pontifex Maximus (that counts, right?), Hazeel was Legatus, while Zamorak was Legatus Maximus (still totally counts, right?), and both Lucien and Akthanakos were Tribunes.
29) The original ritual marker was created by Seren for the purposes of the Rituals of Enervation and Rejuvination meant to quell Mah and (technically) remains on Freneskae. The second marker was created by Zaros to re-enable the Ritual of Rejuvination on Gielinor and remains where it was created, in the frozen north. There is a third ritual marker that can be seen in Daemonheim/Zamorak's hideout, that was supposedly the original from Freneskae.
30) ???, ???, Lord of Chaos, Dark Lord, Traitor.
31) Dactyl: Phalaks, Silkath, Lasthes. Necrosyrte: Taraket, Tarshak, Kalibath.
32) Byzroth, Tsutsaroth, Alyaroth. K'ril Tsutsaroth is an obvious one, Agrith Naar is Alyaroth, Azacorax might be Byzroth, I don't know.
33) Duke Cacus, also known as the Penance King from Barbarian Assault; Duke Sucellus, whose title was Father of Abominations and was present for Zaros' betrayal; and Duke Nemesis, who was witness to the slaying of Loarnab.
34) Senntisten originally had Zaros as their patron deity, but after Zamorak's rebellion and ascension, Zamorakianism took over, and then until the city was sacked again by Saradomin and renamed.
35) While I don't know the name, the swamps were previously a less hostile and far less swampy area. Notably comparable to the Kharidian desert's previous state as a land of forests.
36) Nardah was founded when Elidinis blessed its founder and brought water to the area where the future town would be.
37) My favorite question from back in the day. The Light Creatures lived in the area of the Lumbridge Swamps in a city of crystalline towers that bred more of the creatures with the sun's rays. Unfortunately, it was destroyed completely in the God Wars.

38) I talked to him the other day and exhausted his chat and I don't remember. I just remember they sucked.
39) Gentleman Mallard was a legendary pirate who fought against Rabid Jack's forces, but perished after the battle at the hands of a sea monster.
40) Vitruvius was a genius metalworker who built a workshop under Seer's Village, imbuing metal with magic. His assistant's mind was sucked up into a bar of metal when a prank backfired, and most of what we know of Vitruvius' work is the saga of recreating a body for his assistant. We do not know the ultimate fates of Vitruvius or his assistant, since the Elemental Workshop series hasn't been finished.
41) A total of four gods participated in the Naragi God Wars; out of the four, the hunter-god Skargaroth was the only one to have died at the hands of Guthix, causing his ascension.
42) All I know is that we must kill Bill.
43) The penguins were slaves to both the Walruses and Polar Bears, but an attempt by the Walruses to enslave all penguins caused the penguins to retaliate.
44) Tharmmaron sacked the Kharidian city of Uzer, ultimately dying there of his wounds. Balfrug, whose title was Despoiler of Ullek, caused that city's fall. While not a singular demon, a pack of Ripper Demons destroyed Flamtaer, Torva's home village.
45) The Void Knights were confined to Taverley by the King of Falador for their political clout.
46) Goblin history is arbitrary.
47) The Arzinian Being came from another plane or world. It was sealed in rock by Dwarves with a sizeable amount of gold ore, which it had an aversion to.
48) The Temple Knights are a sect that were personally founded by Saradomin during the God Wars. That's all there is to it, their secrecy and name derive from direct worship to Saradomin.

49) The Order of Ascension was dedicated as an anti-god-worship squad. Guthix's death changed their course to experimenting on people and trying to create an entirely new God to replace Guthix. Ocellus' new goal is, arguably and disturbingly, to induce worship of himself while paying lip-service in guarding the order's dungeon.
50) The Elves of Baxtorian's Kingdom had a slow alliance with the humans, acting in proxy with the Gnomes to gather up respect with the tribes, who eventually agreed. However, the Iorwerth clan managed to undo all of that and cause a number of races to tear apart Baxtorian's kingdom.
57) The Battle of Atarisundri was fought between Goblins and Gnomes. But an illusion was cast that made it seem like multiple battle-tortoises were present, and that managed to scare the Goblins away without conflict. I was glorious.
58) I don't know what the Airut were named for, but I know that Guthix's daughter named them.
59) Witchaven is named for the siren who would cause townspeople to drown and fight in the area.
60) I used to know this, but not off-hand anymore.
61) The Strange Face is the brother of the man who created the Dominion Tower. The architect bound his brother to the tower to save him from mortal wounds.
62) The Order of Red went on to form the Order of the Staff of Fire and the Z.M.I to rival/undermine the Wizards' Tower.
63) Colonel Grimsson had a psychotic break while battling the trolls. In his berserk state, he began attacking everything around him.
64) Lord Sinclair gave Camelot to the Knights of the Round Table, moving the family to their manor, which was an outrage to the siblings.
65) When Amascut went rampant, Amascut's following cursed her to incorporeal form. But then Amascut shot back and turned them all into cats, her hated enemies.
66) A, B.
67) Insanity and death. You screw around with the dead enough, you'll eventually screw up yourself.

68) (Infernal) Summoning, as per Grayzag and his replacement. Enchanting, of which witches are often adept at. Crystal Magic, as practiced by Elves and some wizards, is also a viable subtype. All three are arguably practiced by the player through various means.
69) Predem Abducto is the spell used to send oneself into the past with the Amserdrywys. Veniens Sallakar Rinnesset is the spell to travel to the Abyss. Tempus Cessit was used to stop time in Recipe for Disaster.
70) A teleportation device and the Animate Rock spell.
71) The White Knights have upheld their distaste for execution in regards to Surok Magis.
72) Blessing sacred oil. Probably.
73) Viggora believed that Zamorak impaled Zaros in the back. The rest of the account is as it was, more or less, in Children of Mah.
74) Pernix dueled Nex to save his village. Torva fought off a pack of Ripper demons to save his. Virtus siphoned an impressive amount of magic from a rift. One of these is not like the other.
75) Razulei was a demon encharged by Zamorak to craft the Robes of Subjugation, imbuing them with cruelty.
76) I hate Scabaras.
77) Armadyl visited a world of pure crystal and another that was a world of felines, its existence coming to an end.
78) Cres was a skilled smith tasked with sharpening Death's blade, unbeknownst to him, in return for Death's help. He never could sharpen the blade, but when he died, Death claimed him and he later came into the service of Guthix.
79) The Zamorakian afterlife is Game of Thrones on steroids. The souls there battle for thrones and find thrones higher than the stations they've claimed, they all scramble for eternity. The Serenist afterlife is one of eternal song and implied to serve a purpose greater than meets the eye, but that's my opinion. The Bandosian afterlife is one of eternal war, soliders fight and are reborn just to fight, forever.

80) The Ring of Charos masquerades the dead as the living. It's not necessary in Lord Rologarth's case, since werewolves prefer fresh meat.
81) House Myrmel, whose members would stalk groups across large distances, picking them off one by one in a slow parade. (Mod Ana's ingame counterpart led them at one point, and it is my personal favorite house as well.)
82) Do you think you can save them, Eren? Joannhes found something horrible. Something screaming just beyond the ecstatic winds of forever. And this is Xau-Tak. Fortunately, Gustaf Joannhes was committed to the Senntisten insane asylum.
83) It depends on the kind of demon. Chthonians were notorious and voracious devourers, it was part of their culture, the only things they could not eat were Avernics. Not much is known about Infernals at all, and it's my assumption that the Avernic also fed.
84) I despise the Dragonkin, why would I learn their disgusting lizard language?
85) Elves live to be 500, according to one of the ingame books, but there are extreme exceptions.
86) The Ourgs were bred by Bandos through mixed breeding. Zarador and Graardor are the only remaining ones, thankfully.
87) The Tzhaar use Base 12, obnoxiously enough. I remember the calculations.
88) Very surreal to see my name. As for the wretches meant to succeed me, they were Bolrie and Argenthorg, my son. Bolrie had the upper hand until it was discovered that Glouphrie was mudslinging the competition on his behalf.
89) King Vargas and his party were assaulted by Gnoeals, whose goo transforms people into Yetis. King Vargas got the least exposure, while another of his party got covered in all of it and transformed immediately.
90) The dwarves of Camdozal and the Mage Training Arena were victims of sacking during the crusades.
91) Marmaros faced against two bosses within Daemonheim and was devastated by both; Stomp and the Hope Devourer.

92) I only recall Sulla and Lord Shadwell. Sulla was slain in a duel with Kara-Meir, while Lord Shadwell was slain by Solus Dellagar.
93) Abbinah is a broken world with a watery core, islands careen and crash into one another in the skies. The Aviansie worked collectively in tribes to survive the brutal nature of their world, and there existed a rite of passage that meant traveling to the core for water. Before Armadyl, however, their religion was entirely spiritualistic/animistic.
94) Goraks did it. There's literally no question, they live in a smoky hell-hole bereft of life.
95) Horses are extinct. Don't listen to the lies that they continue to thrive in the Eastern Lands.
96) I have never heard of these in my life.
97) The Land of Holly and Hawthorne is located in the same general dimension that the Land of Snow is, every year. It bridges from winter to spring.
98) You're terrible for this question. I can tell you what they are in relative order, but not in exact numbers. The Dragonkin are older than everyone else, but not old enough given their current origins. Vorago follows, and both QBD and KBD are the same age.
99) The Vacu, referenced solely in the Legends Quest, were shamans who served the demons of Infernus on Gielinor. The player is steathily and derogatorily labeled as Vacu by Nezikchened during the quest's events. It is likely that they no longer exist. The Society of Owls, meanwhile, are from the books. They are/were a secret Varrockian society that you could only join if you had somehow lost family to Morytania's denizens, they carry wolfsbane daggers and protect Misthalin from Morytania.
100) Rick Shaw is the name of the man who offers cart rides to-and-from Shilo Village. (I have no clue.) Little is known about Aeternam, they were the Guthixian mage responsible for the freezing of the Temple of Lost Ancients.